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===굴절===
á é í ó ú ā ē ī ō ū ā́ ḗ ī́ ṓ ū́
'''표준 문어체'''
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
! 단어근 강세
! 장어근 강세
! 양약동성 강세
! 전모음동성 ''r'' 줄기
! 양약동성 ''n'' 줄기
! 전모음동성 ''n'' 줄기
|-
! colspan="2" | 한국어
| 밤 (f.)
| 달 (m.)
| 발 (m.)
| 아빠 (m.)
| 샘 (m.)
| 황소 (m.)
|-
! rowspan="7" | 단수
! 주격
| nákts
| mī́ns
| pā́ds
| patír
| lī́mō
| uksī́n
|-
! 호격
| nákt
| mī́ns
| pád
| patír
| lī́mōn
| úksen
|-
! 대격
| náktem
| mī́nsem
| pádem
| patírem
| lī́monem
| uksínem
|-
! 여격
| níktī
| mínsī
| pedī́
| patrī́
| limnī́
| uksnī́
|-
! 탈격/속격
| níkts
| mínsos
| pedís
| patrís
| limnís
| uksnís
|-
! 구격
| níkte
| mínse
| pedī́
| patrī́
| limnī́
| uksnī́
|-
! 처격
| níkti
| mínsi
| pídi
| patíri
| limíni
| uksíni
|-
! rowspan="6" | 복수
! 주격/호격
| náktes
| mī́nses
| pádes
| patíres
| lī́mones
| uksínes
|-
! 대격
| náktens
| mī́nsens
| pádens
| patírens
| lī́monens
| uksínens
|-
! 여격/탈격
| níktemos
| míensmos
| pedmás
| patermás
| limenmás
| uksenmás
|-
! 속격
| níktōm
| mī́nsōm
| pedā́m
| paterā́m
| limenā́m
| uksenā́m
|-
|-
! 구격
| níktphi
| mínsphi
| pedphí
| paterphí
| limenphí
| uksenphí
|-
! 처격
| níktsu
| mī́nsu
| pedsú
| patersú
| limensú
| uksensú
|-
| colspan="8" |
|-
! colspan="2" |
! 원동력적 중성 ''r/n''-줄기
! 양약동성 집합적 중성 ''r/n''-줄기
! 양약동성 집합적 중성 ''m''-줄기
! 원동력적 ''ti''-줄기
! 원동력적 ''tu''-줄기
! 원동력적 중성 ''u''-줄기
|-
! colspan="2" | 한국어
| 물 (n.)
| 물 (n.)
| 땅 (f.)
| 생각 (f.)
| 맛 (m.)
| 나무 (n.)
|-
! rowspan="7" | 단수
! 주격
| rowspan="3" | váder
| rowspan="3" | vídōr
| thítshōm
| míntis
| záustus
| rowspan="3" | dáru
|-
! 호격
| thítshom
| mínti
| záustu
|-
! 대격
| thítshōm
| míntim
| záustum
|-
! 여격
| udínī
| udnī́
| tshmī́
| mentī́ī
| zustáuī
| dráuī
|-
! 탈격/속격
| udíns
| udnís
| tshmís
| mentī́s
| zustáus
| dráus
|-
! 구격
| udíne
| udnī́
| tshmī́
| mentī́
| zustū́
| drū́
|-
! 처격
| udíni
| udíni
| tsthsími
| mentī́
| zustáui
| dráui
|-
! rowspan="6" | 복수
! 주격 / 호격
|
|
|
| míntīs
| záveus
| rowspan="2" | dárū
|-
! 대격
|
|
|
| míntins
| záustuns
|-
! 여격/탈격
|
|
|
| mentímos
| zustúmos
| drúmos
|-
! 속격
|
|
|
| mentī́ōm
| zustáuōm
| dráuōm
|-
! 구격
|
|
|
| mentíphi
| zustúphi
| drúphi
|-
! 처격
|
|
|
| mentísu
| zustúsu
| drúsu
|-
| colspan="8" |
|-
! colspan="2" |
! 중성 ''s''-줄기
! 원동력적 ''h₂''-줄기
! 전모음동성 ''h₂''-줄기
! ''eh₂''-줄기 (''ā''-줄기)
! ''o''-줄기
! 중성 ''o''-줄기
|-
! colspan="2" | 한국어
| 구름 (n.)
| 여자 (f.)
| 혀 (f.)
| 곡물 (f.)
| 둥지 (m.)
| 일 (n.)
|-
! rowspan="8" | 단수
! 주격
| rowspan="3" | níphos
| rowspan="2" | zhḗn
| dentshvā́s
| thōnā́
| nisdás
| rowspan="3" | vírzom
|-
! 호격
| dentshvā́
| thōná
| nisdí
|-
! 대격.
| zhínam
| dentshvā́m
| thōnā́m
| nisdám
|-
! 여격
| níphesī
| zhnā́ī
| dentshuī́
| thōnā́ī
| nisdáī
| vírzoī
|-
! 탈격
| rowspan="2" | níphesos
| rowspan="2" | zhnā́s
| rowspan="2" | dentshuás
| rowspan="2" | thōnā́s
| nisdíad
| vírzead
|-
! 속격
| nisdásio
| vírzosio
|-
! 구격
| níphese
| zhnā́
| dentshuā́
| thōnā́
| nisdā́
| vírzō
|-
! 처격
| níphes
| zhnā́i
| dentshvā́i
| thōnā́i
| nisdī́
| vírzī
|-
! rowspan="6" | 복수
! 주격/호격
| rowspan="2" | níphōes
| zhínaes
| dentshvā́es
| thōnā́es
| nisdáes
| rowspan="2" | vírzāes
|-
! 대격
| {{PIE|*gʷénh₂n̥s}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ns (-ās)}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂ns (-ās)}}
| {{PIE|*nisdóns}}
|-
! 대격/탈격
| {{PIE|*nébʰesmos}}
| {{PIE|*gʷnéh₂mos}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰuh₂mós}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂mos}}
| {{PIE|*nisdó(y)mos}}
| {{PIE|*wérǵo(y)mos}}
|-
! 속격
| {{PIE|*nébʰesoHom}}
| {{PIE|*gʷnéh₂oHom}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰuh₂óHom}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂oHom}}
| {{PIE|*nisdóoHom}}
| {{PIE|*wérǵooHom}}
|-
! 구격
| {{PIE|*nébʰesbʰi}}
| {{PIE|*gʷnéh₂bʰi}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰuh₂bʰí}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂bʰi}}
| {{PIE|*nisdṓys}}
| {{PIE|*wérǵōys}}
|-
! 처격
| {{PIE|*nébʰesu}}
| {{PIE|*gʷnéh₂su}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰuh₂sú}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂su}}
| {{PIE|*nisdóysu}}
| {{PIE|*wérǵoysu}}
|}
á é í ó ú ā ē ī ō ū ā́ ḗ ī́ ṓ ū́
'''표준 구어체'''
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
! Acrostatic root noun
! Acrostatic lengthened root noun
! Amphikinetic(?) root noun
! Hysterokinetic ''r''-stem
! Amphikinetic ''n''-stem
! Hysterokinetic ''n''-stem
|-
! colspan="2" | [[gloss (annotation)|Gloss]]
| night (f.)
| moon (m.)
| foot (m.)
| father (m.)
| lake (m.)
| bull (m.) (< "ox")
|-
! rowspan="7" | Sing.
! nom.
| {{PIE|*nókʷt-s}}
| {{PIE|*mḗh₁n̥-s}}
| {{PIE|*pṓd-s}}
| {{PIE|*ph₂t-ér-s}}<ref name="Szemerenyi" group="note" />
| {{PIE|*léymō}}
| {{PIE|*uksḗn}}
|-
! voc.
| {{PIE|*nókʷt}}
| {{PIE|*mḗh₁n̥s}}
| {{PIE|*pód}}
| {{PIE|*ph₂tér}}
| {{PIE|*léymon}}
| {{PIE|*úksen}}
|-
! acc.
| {{PIE|*nókʷtm̥}}
| {{PIE|*mḗh₁n̥sm̥}}
| {{PIE|*pódm̥}}
| {{PIE|*ph₂térm̥}}
| {{PIE|*léymonm̥}}
| {{PIE|*uksénm̥}}
|-
! inst.
| {{PIE|*nékʷt(e)h₁}}
| {{PIE|*méh₁n̥s(e)h₁}}
| {{PIE|*pedéh₁}}
| {{PIE|*ph₂tr̥éh₁}}
| {{PIE|*limnéh₁}}
| {{PIE|*uksn̥éh₁}}
|-
! dat.
| {{PIE|*nékʷtey}}
| {{PIE|*méh₁n̥sey}}
| {{PIE|*pedéy}}
| {{PIE|*ph₂tr̥éy}}
| {{PIE|*limnéy}}
| {{PIE|*uksn̥éy}}
|-
! abl./gen.
| {{PIE|*nékʷts}}
| {{PIE|*méh₁n̥sos}}
| {{PIE|*pedés}}
| {{PIE|*ph₂tr̥és}}
| {{PIE|*limnés}}
| {{PIE|*uksn̥és}}
|-
! loc.
| {{PIE|*nékʷt(i)}}
| {{PIE|*méh₁n̥s(i)}}
| {{PIE|*péd(i)}}
| {{PIE|*ph₂tér(i)}}
| {{PIE|*limén(i)}}
| {{PIE|*uksén(i)}}
|-
! Dual
! nom./voc./acc.
| {{PIE|*nókʷth₁e}}
| {{PIE|*mḗh₁n̥sh₁e}}
| {{PIE|*pódh₁e}}
| {{PIE|*ph₂térh₁e}}
| {{PIE|*léymonh₁e}}
| {{PIE|*uksénh₁e}}
|-
! rowspan="6" | Plur.
! n.-v.
| {{PIE|*nókʷtes}}
| {{PIE|*mḗh₁n̥ses}}
| {{PIE|*pódes}}
| {{PIE|*ph₂téres}}
| {{PIE|*léymones}}
| {{PIE|*uksénes}}
|-
! acc.
| {{PIE|*nókʷtn̥s}}
| {{PIE|*mḗh₁n̥sn̥s}}
| {{PIE|*pódn̥s}}
| {{PIE|*ph₂térn̥s}}
| {{PIE|*léymonn̥s}}
| {{PIE|*uksénn̥s}}
|-
! inst.
| {{PIE|*nékʷtbʰi}}
| {{PIE|*méh₁n̥sbʰi}}
| {{PIE|*pedbʰí}}
| {{PIE|*ph₂tr̥bʰí}}
| {{PIE|*limn̥bʰí}}
| {{PIE|*uksn̥bʰí}}
|-
! dat./abl.
| {{PIE|*nékʷtm̥os}}
| {{PIE|*méh₁n̥smos}}
| {{PIE|*pedmós}}
| {{PIE|*ph₂tr̥mós}}
| {{PIE|*limn̥mós}}
| {{PIE|*uksn̥mós}}
|-
! gen.
| {{PIE|*nékʷtoHom}}
| {{PIE|*méh₁n̥soHom}}
| {{PIE|*pedóHom}}
| {{PIE|*ph₂tr̥óHom}}
| {{PIE|*limn̥óHom}}
| {{PIE|*uksn̥óHom}}
|-
! loc.
| {{PIE|*nékʷtsu}}
| {{PIE|*méh₁n̥su}}
| {{PIE|*pedsú}}
| {{PIE|*ph₂tr̥sú}}
| {{PIE|*limn̥sú}}
| {{PIE|*uksn̥sú}}
|-
| colspan="8" |
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Proterokinetic neuter ''r/n''-stem
! Amphikinetic collective neuter ''r/n''-stem
! Amphikinetic ''m''-stem
! Proterokinetic ''ti''-stem
! Proterokinetic ''tu''-stem
! Proterokinetic neuter ''u''-stem
|-
! colspan="2" | gloss
| water (n.)
| water(s) (n.)
| earth (f.)
| thought (f.)
| taste (m.)
| tree (n.)
|-
! rowspan="7" | Sing.
! nom.
| rowspan="3" | {{PIE|*wódr̥}}
| rowspan="3" | {{PIE|*wédōr}}
| {{PIE|*dʰéǵʰō-m}}
| {{PIE|*mént-i-s}}
| {{PIE|*ǵéwstu-s}}
| rowspan="3" | {{PIE|*dóru}}
|-
! voc.
| {{PIE|*dʰéǵʰom}}
| {{PIE|*ménti}}
| {{PIE|*ǵéwstu}}
|-
! acc.
| {{PIE|*dʰéǵʰōm}}
| {{PIE|*méntim}}
| {{PIE|*ǵéwstum}}
|-
! inst.
| {{PIE|*udénh₁}}
| {{PIE|*udnéh₁}}
| {{PIE|*ǵʰméh₁}}
| {{PIE|*mn̥tíh₁}}
| {{PIE|*ǵustúh₁}}
| {{PIE|*drúh₁}}
|-
! dat.
| {{PIE|*udéney}}
| {{PIE|*udnéy}}
| {{PIE|*ǵʰméy}}
| {{PIE|*mn̥téyey}}
| {{PIE|*ǵustéwey}}
| {{PIE|*dréwey}}
|-
! abl./gen.
| {{PIE|*udéns}}
| {{PIE|*udnés}}
| {{PIE|*ǵʰmés}}
| {{PIE|*mn̥téys}}
| {{PIE|*ǵustéws}}
| {{PIE|*dréws}}
|-
! loc.
| {{PIE|*udén(i)}}
| {{PIE|*udén(i)}}
| {{PIE|*ǵʰdʰsém(i)}}
| {{PIE|*mn̥téy (-ēy)}}
| {{PIE|*ǵustéw(i)}}
| {{PIE|*dréw(i)}}
|-
! Dual
! nom./voc./acc.
|
|
|
| {{PIE|*méntih₁}}
| {{PIE|*ǵéwstuh₁}}
| {{PIE|*dórwih₁}}
|-
! rowspan="6" | Plur.
! n.-v.
|
|
|
| {{PIE|*ménteyes}}
| {{PIE|*ǵéwstewes}}
| rowspan="2" | {{PIE|*dóruh₂}}
|-
! acc.
|
|
|
| {{PIE|*méntins}}
| {{PIE|*ǵéwstuns}}
|-
! inst.
|
|
|
| {{PIE|*mn̥tíbʰi}}
| {{PIE|*ǵustúbʰi}}
| {{PIE|*drúbʰi}}
|-
! dat./abl.
|
|
|
| {{PIE|*mn̥tímos}}
| {{PIE|*ǵustúmos}}
| {{PIE|*drúmos}}
|-
! gen.
|
|
|
| {{PIE|*mn̥téyoHom}}
| {{PIE|*ǵustéwoHom}}
| {{PIE|*dréwoHom}}
|-
! loc.
|
|
|
| {{PIE|*mn̥tísu}}
| {{PIE|*ǵustúsu}}
| {{PIE|*drúsu}}
|-
| colspan="8" |
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Neuter ''s''-stem
! Proterokinetic ''h₂''-stem
! Hysterokinetic ''h₂''-stem
! ''eh₂''-stem (''ā''-stem)
! ''o''-stem
! Neuter ''o''-stem
|-
! colspan="2" | Gloss
| cloud (n.)
| woman (f.) (> "queen")
| tongue (f.)
| grain (f.)
| nest (m.)
| work (n.)
|-
! rowspan="8" | Sing.
! nom.
| rowspan="3" | {{PIE|*nébʰo-s}}
| rowspan="2" | {{PIE|*gʷḗn}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂-s}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHn-éh₂}}
| {{PIE|*nisd-ó-s}}
| rowspan="3" | {{PIE|*wérǵ-o-m}}
|-
! voc.
| {{PIE|*dń̥ǵʰweh₂}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHn[á]}}
| {{PIE|*nisdé}}
|-
! acc.
| {{PIE|*gʷénh₂m̥}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂m (-ām)}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂m (-ā́m)}}
| {{PIE|*nisdóm}}
|-
! inst.
| {{PIE|*nébʰes(e)h₁}}
| {{PIE|*gʷnéh₂(e)h₁}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰuh₂éh₁}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂(e)h₁}}
| {{PIE|*nisdóh₁}}
| {{PIE|*wérǵoh₁}}
|-
! dat.
| {{PIE|*nébʰesey}}
| {{PIE|*gʷnéh₂ey}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰuh₂éy}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂ey}}
| {{PIE|*nisdóey}}
| {{PIE|*wérǵoey}}
|-
! abl.
| rowspan="2" | {{PIE|*nébʰesos}}
| rowspan="2" | {{PIE|*gʷnéh₂s}}
| rowspan="2" | {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰuh₂és}}
| rowspan="2" | {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂s}}
| {{PIE|*nisdéad}}
| {{PIE|*wérǵead}}
|-
! gen.
| {{PIE|*nisdósyo}}
| {{PIE|*wérǵosyo}}
|-
! loc.
| {{PIE|*nébʰes(i)}}
| {{PIE|*gʷnéh₂(i)}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂(i)}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂(i)}}
| {{PIE|*nisdéy}}
| {{PIE|*wérǵey}}
|-
! Dual
! nom./voc./acc.
| {{PIE|*nébʰesih₁}}
| {{PIE|*gʷénh₂h₁e}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂h₁e}}
| ?
| {{PIE|*nisdóh₁}}
| {{PIE|*wérǵoy(h₁)}}
|-
! rowspan="6" | Plur.
! n.-v.
| rowspan="2" | {{PIE|*nébʰōs}}
| {{PIE|*gʷénh₂es}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂es}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂es}}
| {{PIE|*nisdóes}}
| rowspan="2" | {{PIE|*wérǵeh₂}}
|-
! acc.
| {{PIE|*gʷénh₂n̥s}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ns (-ās)}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂ns (-ās)}}
| {{PIE|*nisdóns}}
|-
! inst.
| {{PIE|*nébʰesbʰi}}
| {{PIE|*gʷnéh₂bʰi}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰuh₂bʰí}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂bʰi}}
| {{PIE|*nisdṓys}}
| {{PIE|*wérǵōys}}
|-
! dat./abl.
| {{PIE|*nébʰesmos}}
| {{PIE|*gʷnéh₂mos}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰuh₂mós}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂mos}}
| {{PIE|*nisdó(y)mos}}
| {{PIE|*wérǵo(y)mos}}
|-
! gen.
| {{PIE|*nébʰesoHom}}
| {{PIE|*gʷnéh₂oHom}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰuh₂óHom}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂oHom}}
| {{PIE|*nisdóoHom}}
| {{PIE|*wérǵooHom}}
|-
! loc.
| {{PIE|*nébʰesu}}
| {{PIE|*gʷnéh₂su}}
| {{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰuh₂sú}}
| {{PIE|*dʰoHnéh₂su}}
| {{PIE|*nisdóysu}}
| {{PIE|*wérǵoysu}}
|}
→설법
다음은 표준 예술인도유럽어 명사들의 굴절이다.
