싱굴레어
| 싱굴레어 | |
표기
| |
| 문자 | 로마자, 데바나가리 |
분류
| |
| 어순 | SOV형 |
유형
| |
| 유형 | 교착어 |
언어 코드
| |
| ISO 639-1 | SNL |
| ISO 639-2 | SNL |
| ISO 639-3 | SNL |
목차
개요
싱굴레어는 라틴어를 기반으로 만들어진 인공어로, 2024년 3월 'Linguabuchon'에 의해 창작되었다. 사용가정지역은 현재 인도의 구자라트 주 북서부이며, 약 300만 명이 사용한다. 싱굴레어는 고전 산스크리트어의 영향으로 주로 데바나가리로 적히며, 로마자나 구자라트 문자로 쓰는 경우도 있다.
문법
싱굴레어는 어순이 라틴어와 같은 SOV이지만 라틴어와 다르게 교착어적 성질을 띈다. 이 때문에 여타 로망스어군 자연어들처럼 전치사를 통해 격을 소화하지 않고 조사로 격을 표현한다. 단, 성과 수에 따라 굴절 방식이 조금씩 달라지는 경우가 간혹 있다.
싱굴레어는 라틴어와 다르게 같은 성별의 어미가 동일하다. 라틴어에서 '신'을 뜻하는 남성명사 'deus'는 싱굴레어에서 남성명사 'dias'이다. 하지만 라틴어의 '소년'을 뜻하는 남성명사 'puer'는 싱굴레어에서 남성명사 'puaras'이다. 이는 여성명사의 경우에도 똑같이 적용된다. 라틴어에서 '땅'을 뜻하는 여성명사 'terra'는 싱굴레어에서 여성명사 'tire'이다. 하지만 라틴어에서 '집'을 뜻하는 여성명사 'domus'는 싱굴레어에서 여성명사 'dame'이다. 라틴어에서는 '-us'로 끝나는 남성명사와 '-a'로 끝나는 여성명사가 많기에 언어가 간편화되며 성별에 따른 어미가 일반화되었다고 봐야한다.
싱굴레어는 중성명사가 없다.
명사변화
싱굴레어는 교착어라는 특성 때문에 조사의 종류가 라틴어의 격보다 많으나, 배열이 불규칙적인 라틴어와 다르게 싱굴레어는 규칙적인지라 외우기 훨씬 더 쉽다.
다음은 싱굴레어의 남성 명사변화와 라틴어의 남성형 제2식 변화의 차트의 비교이다.
| 남성명사 | 싱굴레어 | 라틴어 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 단수 | 복수 | 단수 | 복수 | |
| 주격 | -as | -yei | -us | -ī |
| 호격 | -i | -yei | -e | -ī |
| 대격 | -am | -ami | -um | -ōs |
| 여격 | -aa | -aai | -ō | -īs |
| 속격 | -aar | -aari | -ī | -ōrum |
| 탈격 | -aa | -aai | -ō | -īs |
| 구격 | -kan | -kani | - | - |
| 처격 | -ba | -bai | - | - |
| 향격 | -at | -atti | - | - |
다음은 싱굴레어의 여성명사 변화와 라틴어의 여성형 제1식 변화표이다.
| 여성명사 | 싱굴레어 | 라틴어 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 단수 | 복수 | 단수 | 복수 | |
| 주격 | -e | -ei | -a | -ae |
| 호격 | -e | -ei | -a | -ae |
| 대격 | -em | -emi | -am | -ās |
| 여격 | -ei | -yei | -ae | -īs |
| 속격 | -yar | -yari | -ae | -ārum |
| 탈격 | -ya | -yei | -ā | -īs |
| 구격 | -ken | -keni | - | - |
| 처격 | -be | -bei | - | - |
| 향격 | -et | -etti | - | - |
동사변화
싱굴레어의 동사는 라틴어에 비해 매우 간편해졌다. 불규칙 동사 또한 없어졌다.
다음은 싱굴레어의 계사 또는 be동사 'sam'의 굴절이다.
Parameters
The following parameters are allowed:
- 틀:Para: Conjugation type, along with any subtypes.
- 틀:Para: Lemma with macrons; may include links.
- 틀:Para: Perfect stem (or supine stem if the verb is deponent or semi-deponent). Separate multiple stems with a slash.
- 틀:Para: Supine stem, for verbs that aren't deponent or semi-deponent. Separate multiple stems with a slash.
- 틀:Para: Prefix to add to all forms (or to non-passive forms if 틀:Para is given); may include links.
- 틀:Para: Prefix to add to passive forms; may include links.
- 틀:Para: Suffix to add to all forms (or to non-passive forms if 틀:Para is given); may include links.
- 틀:Para: Suffix to add to passive forms; may include links.
Examples of using the prefix and suffix parameters:
- 틀:M:
{{la-conj|prefix=[[acus|acū]]|3|pingō|pīnx|pict}} - 틀:M:
{{la-conj|irreg|dūcō|suffix=[[uxor|uxōrem]]|passive_suffix=[[uxor]]}}
In addition, any individual form can be overridden, e.g. using 틀:Para to override the first-singular present active indicative. See #Overriding individual forms.
Subtypes
Here is a complete list of available subtypes:
- Not detected automatically:
.3only: Third-person singular and plural forms only. Places the entry into Category:Latin third-person-only verbs..always-sync-perf: ????? Currently used for 틀:M only..nofut: No future tenses. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with missing future..noimp: No imperative. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with missing imperative..no-pasv-perf: No passive perfect forms. Example: 틀:M..nopass: No passive forms. Places the entry into Category:Latin active-only verbs..nosup: No supine stem. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with missing supine stem..opt-semi-depon: Optional semi-deponent verbs use perfective passive forms with active meaning, but also have perfect active forms with the same meaning, and have no imperfective passive. Places the entry into Category:Latin semi-deponent verbs and Category:Latin optionally semi-deponent verbs..opt-sync-perf: ????? Currently used for 틀:M only..p3inf: The poetic present passive infinitive form in -ier is attested..pass-3only: The passive voice has third-person singular and plural forms only. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with third-person passive..pass-impers: Impersonal in the passive voice (third-person singular passive forms only). Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with impersonal passive..poet-sync-perf: The poetic syncopated perfect forms lacking -vi- or -ui- are attested..semi-depon: Semi-deponent verbs use perfective passive forms with active meaning, and have no imperfective passive. Places the entry into Category:Latin semi-deponent verbs..sigm: At least one sigmatic form is attested. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with sigmatic forms..sigmpasv: At least one passive sigmatic form is attested. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with passive sigmatic forms..suffix: Used for suffix entries such as 틀:M. Prevents categorisation as a verb..sup-futr-actv-only: No supine stem except in the future active participle. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with missing supine stem except in the future active participle.
- Normally detected automatically, only specified manually for certain verbs:
.I: Treat the verb as a mixed-conjugation verb like 틀:M..-I: Do not treat the verb as a mixed-conjugation verb like 틀:M..impers: Impersonal (third-person singular forms only). Only specified manually for compounds of highly irregular verbs. Places the entry into Category:Latin impersonal verbs..noperf: No perfect forms. Only specified manually for compounds of highly irregular verbs. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with missing perfect stem..nound: Do not show gerund forms in -und-. Automatically enabled for verbs where the gerund stem is -uend- or -vend-.
- Detected automatically, should never be specified manually:
.depon: Deponent verb. Places the entry into Category:Latin deponent verbs..perf-as-pres: Perfect forms have present meaning. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with missing present stem and Category:Latin verbs with perfect forms having imperfective meanings.
Irregular verbs
Certain irregular verbs are handled specially, and should use the conjugation type irreg, e.g.:
As shown above, compounds of irregular verbs are handled properly.
Some compounds of 틀:M and 틀:M are more complex because the various forms of the base verb begin with different letters, and the prefix assumes different forms before those different letters. These are handled through extra parameters:
For 틀:M, the third parameter is the prefix to use before forms beginning with e-, and the fourth parameter is the prefix to use before forms beginning with f-. For 틀:M, the third parameter is the prefix to use before forms beginning with t- (the perfect), and the fourth parameter is the prefix to use before forms beginning with l- (the supine). In all cases, an omitted parameter defaults to the prefix found in the lemma.
In the event a compound of an irregular verb is used impersonally, use the conjugation type irreg.impers.
The following is the current list of recognized irregular verbs:
Overriding individual forms
In very rare cases it may be necessary to override individual forms of verbs. This is done using individual parameters for each form. See the following examples:
- For finite forms, 틀:Para – person (1/2/3), number (s/p), tense (pres/impf/futr/perf/plup/futp/sigf/siga), voice (actv/pasv), mood (indc/subj/impr)
- For participles and infinitives, 틀:Para – tense, voice, form (ptc/inf)
- For gerunds and supines, 틀:Para – form (ger/sup), case (gen/dat/acc/abl)
If multiple forms are possible, separate the forms by a forward slash: 틀:Para
