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| (같은 사용자의 중간 판 29개는 보이지 않습니다) |
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| | | colspan="2" | <div style="text-align:center">'''유형'''</div> | | | colspan="2" | <div style="text-align:center">'''유형'''</div> |
| | |- style=" align="center" | | |- style=" align="center" |
| − | |'''유형'''||교착어 | + | |'''유형'''||굴절어 또는 교착어 |
| | |- style=" background-color:#eeeeee" align="center" | | |- style=" background-color:#eeeeee" align="center" |
| | | colspan="2" | <div style="text-align:center">'''언어 코드'''</div> | | | colspan="2" | <div style="text-align:center">'''언어 코드'''</div> |
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| | |} | | |} |
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| | + | ex.1 ) 그들은 그녀의 '''집'''에서 살았다. / ळै लेयरि '''द'''म्बे विवरन्त /lai leyari '''dam'''be vivaraant/ |
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| | ===동사변화=== | | ===동사변화=== |
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
| + | 싱굴레어의 동사는 라틴어에 비해 매우 간편해졌다. 불규칙 동사 또한 없어졌다. |
| − | |-
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| − | !
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| − | !
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| − | !colspan="3"|Indicative
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| − | !
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| − | !colspan="2"|Subjunctive
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| − | |-
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| − | !
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| − | ||||'''Present'''||'''Future'''||'''Imperfect'''||||'''Present'''||'''Imperfect'''
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| − | |-
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| − | !rowspan=2|Active
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| − | ||||''I love''||''I will love''||''I was loving'' || ||''I may love''||''I might love''
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| − | |-
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| − | |''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amō<br />amās<br />amat<br />amāmus<br />amātis<br />amant|italic=no}}'''
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amābō<br />amābis<br />amābit<br />amābimus<br />amābitis<br />amābunt|italic=no}}'''
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amābam<br />amābās<br />amābat<br />amābāmus<br />amābātis<br />amābant|italic=no}}'''
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| − | |
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amem<br />amēs<br />amet<br />amēmus<br />amētis<br />ament|italic=no}}'''
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amārem<br />amārēs<br />amāret<br />amārēmus<br />amārētis<br />amārent|italic=no}}'''
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| − | |-
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| − | !
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| − | |-
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| − | !rowspan=2|Passive
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| − | ||||''I am loved''||''I will be loved''||''I was being loved'' || || ''I may be loved''|| ''I might be loved''
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| − | |-
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| − | |''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amor<br />amāris<br />amātur<br />amāmur<br />amāminī<br />amantur|italic=no}}'''
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amābor<br />amāberis/e*<br />amābitur<br />amābimur<br />amābiminī<br />amābuntur|italic=no}}'''
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amābar<br />amābāris/e*<br />amābātur<br />amābāmur<br />amābāminī<br />amābantur|italic=no}}'''
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| − | |
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amer<br />amēris/e*<br />amētur<br />amēmur<br />amēminī<br />amentur|italic=no}}'''
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amārer<br />amārēris/e*<br />amārētur<br />amārēmur<br />amārēminī<br />amārentur|italic=no}}'''
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| − | |-
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| − | |}
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| − | | |
| − | <nowiki>*</nowiki> The 2nd person singular passive '''{{lang|la|amāberis, amābāris, amēris, amārēris|italic=no}}''' can be shortened to '''{{lang|la|amābere, amābāre, amēre, amārēre|italic=no}}'''. ''-re'' was the regular form in early Latin and (except in the present indicative) in Cicero; ''-ris'' was preferred later.<ref name=":0">Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 89.</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | In early Latin ([[Plautus]]), the 3rd singular endings ''-at'' and ''-et'' were pronounced ''-āt'' and ''-ēt'' with a long vowel.<ref name=":0"/>
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| − | | |
| − | Other forms:
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| − | | |
| − | *Infinitive: '''{{lang|la|amāre|italic=no}}''' "to love"
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| − | *Passive infinitive: '''{{lang|la|amārī|italic=no}}''' "to be loved" (in early Latin often '''{{lang|la|amārier|italic=no}}''')<ref name=":0"/>
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| − | *Imperative: '''{{lang|la|amā!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amāte!|italic=no}}''') "love!"
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| − | *Future imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātō!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amātōte!|italic=no}}''') "love! (at a future time)"
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| − | *Indirect imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātō!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amantō!|italic=no}}''') "let him love!"
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| − | *Passive imperative: '''{{lang|la|amāre!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amāminī!|italic=no}}''') "be loved!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
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| − | *Passive future imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātor!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amātōminī!|italic=no}}''') "be loved! (at a future time)"
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| − | *Passive indirect imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātor!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amantor!|italic=no}}''') "let him be loved!"
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| − | *Present participle: '''{{lang|la|amāns|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amantēs|italic=no}}''') "loving"
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| − | *Future participle: '''{{lang|la|amātūrus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amātūrī|italic=no}}''') "going to love"
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| − | *Gerundive: '''{{lang|la|amandus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amandī|italic=no}}''') "needing to be loved"
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| − | *Gerund: '''{{lang|la|amandī|italic=no}}''' "of loving", '''{{lang|la|amandō|italic=no}}''' "by/for loving", '''{{lang|la|ad amandum|italic=no}}''' "in order to love"
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| − |
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| − | The principal parts usually adhere to one of the following patterns:
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| − | * The perfect has the suffix ''-āvī''. The majority of first-conjugation verbs follow this pattern, which is considered to be "regular", for example:
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| − | ** {{lang|la|amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum}}, "to love";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|imperō, imperāre, imperāvī, imperātum}}, "to order";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum}}, "to praise";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum}}, "to deny";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātum}}, "to announce, report";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī, ōrātum}}, "to beg, pray";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum}}, "to prepare";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|portō, portāre, portāvī, portātum}}, "to carry";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātum}}, "to fight";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum}}, "to think";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum}}, "to ask";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum}}, "to save";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum}}, "to call";
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| − | | |
| − | * The perfect has the suffix ''-uī'', for example:
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| − | ** {{lang|la|fricō, fricāre, fricuī, frictum}}, "to rub";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|secō, secāre, secuī, sectum}}, "to cut, to divide";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum}}, "to forbid, to prohibit";
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| − | | |
| − | * The perfect has the suffix ''-ī'' and vowel lengthening in the stem, for example:
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| − | ** {{lang|la|iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum}}, "to help, to assist";
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| − | ** {{lang|la|lavō, lavāre, lāvī, lautum}}, "to wash, to bathe";
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| − | | |
| − | * The perfect is reduplicated, for example:
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| − | ** {{lang|la|dō, dare, dedī, datum}}, "to give"
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| − | ** {{lang|la|stō, stāre, stetī, statum}}, "to stand";
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| − | | |
| − | The verb '''{{lang|la|dō|italic=no}}''' "I give" is irregular in that except in the 2nd singular '''{{lang|la|dās|italic=no}}''' and imperative '''{{lang|la|dā|italic=no}}''', the ''a'' is short, e.g. '''{{lang|la|dabō|italic=no}}''' "I will give".
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| − | | |
| − | The ''a'' is also short in the supine '''{{lang|la|statum|italic=no}}''' and its derivatives, but the other parts of '''{{lang|la|stō|italic=no}}''' "I stand" are regular.
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| − | | |
| − | Deponent verbs in this conjugation all follow the pattern below, which is the passive of the first type above:<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge, Latin Grammar (1895), §163.</ref>
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| − | :*{{lang|la|arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum}} "to think"
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| − | :*{{lang|la|cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum}} "to try"
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| − | :*{{lang|la|cūnctor, cūnctārī, cūnctātus sum}} "to hesitate"
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| − | :*{{lang|la|hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum}} "to exhort"
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| − | :*{{lang|la|mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum}} "to be surprised, to be amazed at"
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| − | :*{{lang|la|moror, morārī, morātus sum}} "to delay, stay"
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| | | | |
| − | ====Perfect tenses====
| + | 다음은 싱굴레어의 계사 또는 be동사 'sam'의 굴절이다. |
| − | The three {{lang|la|perfectum}} tenses of the 1st conjugation go as in the following table:
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| | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;" | | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;" |
| 226번째 줄: |
132번째 줄: |
| | ! | | ! |
| | ! | | ! |
| − | !colspan="3"|Indicative | + | !colspan="3"|단순형 |
| − | !
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| − | !colspan="2"|Subjunctive
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| − | |-
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| | ! | | ! |
| − | ||||'''Perfect'''||'''Future perfect'''||'''Pluperfect'''||||'''Perfect'''||'''Pluperfect'''
| + | !colspan="2"|복합형 |
| − | |-
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| − | !rowspan=2|Active | |
| − | ||||''I loved''||''I will have loved''||''I had loved'' || ||''I loved''||''I had loved''
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| − | |-
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| − | |''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amāvī<br />amāvistī<br />amāvit<br />amāvimus<br />amāvistis<br />amāvērunt/-ēre|italic=no}}*'''
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amāverō<br />amāverīs/is<br />amāverit<br />amāverīmus/-imus<br />amāverītis/-itis<br />amāverint|italic=no}}'''
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amāveram<br />amāverās<br />amāverat<br />amāverāmus<br />amāverātis<br />amāverant|italic=no}}'''
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| − | |
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amāverim<br />amāverīs<br />amāverit<br />amāverīmus<br />amāverītis<br />amāverint|italic=no}}'''
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| − | |'''{{lang|la|amā(vi)ssem*<br />amāvissēs<br />amāvisset<br />amāvissēmus<br />amāvissētis<br />amāvissent|italic=no}}'''
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| | |- | | |- |
| | ! | | ! |
| | + | ||||'''현재'''||'''미래'''||'''과거'''||||'''현재완료'''||'''과거완료''' |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | !rowspan=2|Passive | + | !rowspan=2|능동태 |
| − | ||||''I was loved''||''I will have been loved''||''I had been loved'' || || ''I was loved''|| ''I had been loved''
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| | |- | | |- |
| − | |''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they'' | + | |''1인칭 단수<br />2인칭 단수<br />3인칭 단수<br />1인칭 복수<br />2인칭 복수<br />3인칭 복수'' |
| − | |'''{{lang|la|amātus sum<br />amātus es<br />amātus est<br />amātī sumus<br />amātī estis<br />amātī sunt|italic=no}}''' | + | |'''sam<br />sai<br />sat<br />samas<br />sate<br />sant''' |
| − | |'''{{lang|la|amātus erō<br />amātus eris<br />amātus erit<br />amātī erimus<br />amātī eritis<br />amātī erunt|italic=no}}''' | + | |'''arisam<br />arisai<br />arisat<br />arisamas<br />arisate<br />arisant''' |
| − | |'''{{lang|la|amātus eram<br />amātus erās<br />amātus erat<br />amātī erāmus<br />amātī erātis<br />amātī erant|italic=no}}''' | + | |'''araasam<br />araasai<br />araasat<br />araasamas<br />araasate<br />araasant''' |
| | | | | | |
| − | |'''{{lang|la|amātus sim<br />amātus sīs<br />amātus sit<br />amātī sīmus<br />amātī sītis<br />amātī sint|italic=no}}''' | + | |'''sissam<br />sis<br />sit<br />simas<br />site<br />sint''' |
| − | |'''{{lang|la|amātus essem<br />amātus essēs<br />amātus esset<br />amātī essēmus<br />amātī essētis<br />amātī essent|italic=no}}''' | + | |'''issum<br />issyus<br />issut<br />issyumas<br />issyute<br />issyunt''' |
| | |- | | |- |
| | |} | | |} |