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117번째 줄: 117번째 줄:
 
! 향격
 
! 향격
 
| -et || -etti || - || -
 
| -et || -etti || - || -
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|-
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|}
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===동사변화===
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
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|-
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!
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!
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!colspan="3"|Indicative
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!
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!colspan="2"|Subjunctive
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|-
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!
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||||'''Present'''||'''Future'''||'''Imperfect'''||||'''Present'''||'''Imperfect'''
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|-
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!rowspan=2|Active
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||||''I love''||''I will love''||''I was loving'' || ||''I may love''||''I might love''
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|-
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|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
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|'''{{lang|la|amō<br />amās<br />amat<br />amāmus<br />amātis<br />amant|italic=no}}'''
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|'''{{lang|la|amābō<br />amābis<br />amābit<br />amābimus<br />amābitis<br />amābunt|italic=no}}'''
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|'''{{lang|la|amābam<br />amābās<br />amābat<br />amābāmus<br />amābātis<br />amābant|italic=no}}'''
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|
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|'''{{lang|la|amem<br />amēs<br />amet<br />amēmus<br />amētis<br />ament|italic=no}}'''
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|'''{{lang|la|amārem<br />amārēs<br />amāret<br />amārēmus<br />amārētis<br />amārent|italic=no}}'''
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|-
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!
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|-
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!rowspan=2|Passive
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||||''I am loved''||''I will be loved''||''I was being loved'' || || ''I may be loved''|| ''I might be loved''
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|-
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|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
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|'''{{lang|la|amor<br />amāris<br />amātur<br />amāmur<br />amāminī<br />amantur|italic=no}}'''
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|'''{{lang|la|amābor<br />amāberis/e*<br />amābitur<br />amābimur<br />amābiminī<br />amābuntur|italic=no}}'''
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|'''{{lang|la|amābar<br />amābāris/e*<br />amābātur<br />amābāmur<br />amābāminī<br />amābantur|italic=no}}'''
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|
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|'''{{lang|la|amer<br />amēris/e*<br />amētur<br />amēmur<br />amēminī<br />amentur|italic=no}}'''
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|'''{{lang|la|amārer<br />amārēris/e*<br />amārētur<br />amārēmur<br />amārēminī<br />amārentur|italic=no}}'''
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|-
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|}
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<nowiki>*</nowiki> The 2nd person singular passive '''{{lang|la|amāberis, amābāris, amēris, amārēris|italic=no}}''' can be shortened to '''{{lang|la|amābere, amābāre, amēre, amārēre|italic=no}}'''. ''-re'' was the regular form in early Latin and (except in the present indicative) in Cicero; ''-ris'' was preferred later.<ref name=":0">Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 89.</ref>
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In early Latin ([[Plautus]]), the 3rd singular endings ''-at'' and ''-et'' were pronounced ''-āt'' and ''-ēt'' with a long vowel.<ref name=":0"/>
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Other forms:
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*Infinitive: '''{{lang|la|amāre|italic=no}}''' "to love"
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*Passive infinitive: '''{{lang|la|amārī|italic=no}}''' "to be loved" (in early Latin often '''{{lang|la|amārier|italic=no}}''')<ref name=":0"/>
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*Imperative: '''{{lang|la|amā!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amāte!|italic=no}}''') "love!"
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*Future imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātō!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amātōte!|italic=no}}''') "love! (at a future time)"
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*Indirect imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātō!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amantō!|italic=no}}''') "let him love!"
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*Passive imperative: '''{{lang|la|amāre!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amāminī!|italic=no}}''') "be loved!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
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*Passive future imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātor!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amātōminī!|italic=no}}''') "be loved! (at a future time)"
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*Passive indirect imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātor!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amantor!|italic=no}}''') "let him be loved!"
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*Present participle: '''{{lang|la|amāns|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amantēs|italic=no}}''') "loving"
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*Future participle: '''{{lang|la|amātūrus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amātūrī|italic=no}}''') "going to love"
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*Gerundive: '''{{lang|la|amandus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amandī|italic=no}}''') "needing to be loved"
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*Gerund: '''{{lang|la|amandī|italic=no}}''' "of loving", '''{{lang|la|amandō|italic=no}}''' "by/for loving", '''{{lang|la|ad amandum|italic=no}}''' "in order to love"
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The principal parts usually adhere to one of the following patterns:
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* The perfect has the suffix ''-āvī''. The majority of first-conjugation verbs follow this pattern, which is considered to be "regular", for example:
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** {{lang|la|amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum}}, "to love";
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** {{lang|la|imperō, imperāre, imperāvī, imperātum}}, "to order";
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** {{lang|la|laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum}}, "to praise";
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** {{lang|la|negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum}}, "to deny";
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** {{lang|la|nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātum}}, "to announce, report";
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** {{lang|la|ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī, ōrātum}}, "to beg, pray";
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** {{lang|la|parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum}}, "to prepare";
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** {{lang|la|portō, portāre, portāvī, portātum}}, "to carry";
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** {{lang|la|pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātum}}, "to fight";
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** {{lang|la|putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum}}, "to think";
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** {{lang|la|rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum}}, "to ask";
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** {{lang|la|servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum}}, "to save";
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** {{lang|la|vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum}}, "to call";
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* The perfect has the suffix ''-uī'', for example:
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** {{lang|la|fricō, fricāre, fricuī, frictum}}, "to rub";
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** {{lang|la|secō, secāre, secuī, sectum}}, "to cut, to divide";
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** {{lang|la|vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum}}, "to forbid, to prohibit";
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* The perfect has the suffix ''-ī'' and vowel lengthening in the stem, for example:
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** {{lang|la|iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum}}, "to help, to assist";
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** {{lang|la|lavō, lavāre, lāvī, lautum}}, "to wash, to bathe";
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* The perfect is reduplicated, for example:
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** {{lang|la|dō, dare, dedī, datum}}, "to give"
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** {{lang|la|stō, stāre, stetī, statum}}, "to stand";
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The verb '''{{lang|la|dō|italic=no}}''' "I give" is irregular in that except in the 2nd singular '''{{lang|la|dās|italic=no}}''' and imperative '''{{lang|la|dā|italic=no}}''', the ''a'' is short, e.g. '''{{lang|la|dabō|italic=no}}''' "I will give".
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The ''a'' is also short in the supine '''{{lang|la|statum|italic=no}}''' and its derivatives, but the other parts of '''{{lang|la|stō|italic=no}}''' "I stand" are regular.
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Deponent verbs in this conjugation all follow the pattern below, which is the passive of the first type above:<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge, Latin Grammar (1895), §163.</ref>
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:*{{lang|la|arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum}} "to think"
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:*{{lang|la|cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum}} "to try"
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:*{{lang|la|cūnctor, cūnctārī, cūnctātus sum}} "to hesitate"
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:*{{lang|la|hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum}} "to exhort"
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:*{{lang|la|mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum}} "to be surprised, to be amazed at"
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:*{{lang|la|moror, morārī, morātus sum}} "to delay, stay"
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====Perfect tenses====
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The three {{lang|la|perfectum}} tenses of the 1st conjugation go as in the following table:
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
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|-
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!
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!
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!colspan="3"|Indicative
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!
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!colspan="2"|Subjunctive
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|-
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!
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||||'''Perfect'''||'''Future perfect'''||'''Pluperfect'''||||'''Perfect'''||'''Pluperfect'''
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|-
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!rowspan=2|Active
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||||''I loved''||''I will have loved''||''I had loved'' || ||''I loved''||''I had loved''
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|-
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|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
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|'''{{lang|la|amāvī<br />amāvistī<br />amāvit<br />amāvimus<br />amāvistis<br />amāvērunt/-ēre|italic=no}}*'''
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|'''{{lang|la|amāverō<br />amāverīs/is<br />amāverit<br />amāverīmus/-imus<br />amāverītis/-itis<br />amāverint|italic=no}}'''
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|'''{{lang|la|amāveram<br />amāverās<br />amāverat<br />amāverāmus<br />amāverātis<br />amāverant|italic=no}}'''
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|
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|'''{{lang|la|amāverim<br />amāverīs<br />amāverit<br />amāverīmus<br />amāverītis<br />amāverint|italic=no}}'''
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|'''{{lang|la|amā(vi)ssem*<br />amāvissēs<br />amāvisset<br />amāvissēmus<br />amāvissētis<br />amāvissent|italic=no}}'''
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|-
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!
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|-
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!rowspan=2|Passive
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||||''I was loved''||''I will have been loved''||''I had been loved'' || || ''I was loved''|| ''I had been loved''
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|-
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|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
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|'''{{lang|la|amātus sum<br />amātus es<br />amātus est<br />amātī sumus<br />amātī estis<br />amātī sunt|italic=no}}'''
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|'''{{lang|la|amātus erō<br />amātus eris<br />amātus erit<br />amātī erimus<br />amātī eritis<br />amātī erunt|italic=no}}'''
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|'''{{lang|la|amātus eram<br />amātus erās<br />amātus erat<br />amātī erāmus<br />amātī erātis<br />amātī erant|italic=no}}'''
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|
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|'''{{lang|la|amātus sim<br />amātus sīs<br />amātus sit<br />amātī sīmus<br />amātī sītis<br />amātī sint|italic=no}}'''
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|'''{{lang|la|amātus essem<br />amātus essēs<br />amātus esset<br />amātī essēmus<br />amātī essētis<br />amātī essent|italic=no}}'''
 
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|}
 
|}

2024년 3월 20일 (수) 00:04 판

싱굴레어
표기
문자 로마자, 데바나가리
분류
어순 SOV형
유형
유형 교착어
언어 코드
ISO 639-1 SNL
ISO 639-2 SNL
ISO 639-3 SNL

개요

싱굴레어는 라틴어를 기반으로 만들어진 인공어로, 2024년 3월 'Linguabuchon'에 의해 창작되었다. 사용가정지역은 현재 인도의 구자라트 주 북서부이며, 약 300만 명이 사용한다. 싱굴레어는 고전 산스크리트어의 영향으로 주로 데바나가리로 적히며, 로마자나 구자라트 문자로 쓰는 경우도 있다.

문법

싱굴레어는 어순이 라틴어와 같은 SOV이지만 라틴어와 다르게 교착어적 성질을 띈다. 이 때문에 여타 로망스어군 자연어들처럼 전치사를 통해 격을 소화하지 않고 조사로 격을 표현한다. 단, 성과 수에 따라 굴절 방식이 조금씩 달라지는 경우가 간혹 있다.

싱굴레어는 라틴어와 다르게 같은 성별의 어미가 동일하다. 라틴어에서 '신'을 뜻하는 남성명사 'deus'는 싱굴레어에서 남성명사 'dias'이다. 하지만 라틴어의 '소년'을 뜻하는 남성명사 'puer'는 싱굴레어에서 남성명사 'puaras'이다. 이는 여성명사의 경우에도 똑같이 적용된다. 라틴어에서 '땅'을 뜻하는 여성명사 'terra'는 싱굴레어에서 여성명사 'tire'이다. 하지만 라틴어에서 '집'을 뜻하는 여성명사 'domus'는 싱굴레어에서 여성명사 'dame'이다. 라틴어에서는 '-us'로 끝나는 남성명사와 '-a'로 끝나는 여성명사가 많기에 언어가 간편화되며 성별에 따른 어미가 일반화되었다고 봐야한다.

싱굴레어는 중성명사가 없다.

명사변화

싱굴레어는 교착어라는 특성 때문에 조사의 종류가 라틴어의 격보다 많으나, 배열이 불규칙적인 라틴어와 다르게 싱굴레어는 규칙적인지라 외우기 훨씬 더 쉽다.

다음은 싱굴레어의 남성 명사변화와 라틴어의 남성형 제2식 변화의 차트의 비교이다.

남성명사 싱굴레어 라틴어
단수 복수 단수 복수
주격 -as -yei -us -ī
호격 -i -yei -e -ī
대격 -am -ami -um -ōs
여격 -aa -aai -ō -īs
속격 -aar -aari -ī -ōrum
탈격 -aa -aai -ō -īs
구격 -kan -kani - -
처격 -ba -bai - -
향격 -at -atti - -

다음은 싱굴레어의 여성명사 변화와 라틴어의 여성형 제1식 변화표이다.

여성명사 싱굴레어 라틴어
단수 복수 단수 복수
주격 -e -ei -a -ae
호격 -e -ei -a -ae
대격 -em -emi -am -ās
여격 -ei -yei -ae -īs
속격 -yar -yari -ae -ārum
탈격 -ya -yei -ā -īs
구격 -ken -keni - -
처격 -be -bei - -
향격 -et -etti - -

동사변화

Indicative Subjunctive
Present Future Imperfect Present Imperfect
Active I love I will love I was loving I may love I might love
I
you sg.
he, she, it
we
you pl.
they 		틀:Lang 틀:Lang 틀:Lang 틀:Lang 틀:Lang
Passive I am loved I will be loved I was being loved I may be loved I might be loved
I
you sg.
he, she, it
we
you pl.
they 		틀:Lang 틀:Lang 틀:Lang 틀:Lang 틀:Lang

* The 2nd person singular passive 틀:Lang can be shortened to 틀:Lang. -re was the regular form in early Latin and (except in the present indicative) in Cicero; -ris was preferred later.<ref name=":0">Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 89.</ref>

In early Latin (Plautus), the 3rd singular endings -at and -et were pronounced -āt and -ēt with a long vowel.<ref name=":0"/>

Other forms:

The principal parts usually adhere to one of the following patterns:

  • The perfect has the suffix -uī, for example:
  • The perfect has the suffix -ī and vowel lengthening in the stem, for example:
  • The perfect is reduplicated, for example:

The verb 틀:Lang "I give" is irregular in that except in the 2nd singular 틀:Lang and imperative 틀:Lang, the a is short, e.g. 틀:Lang "I will give".

The a is also short in the supine 틀:Lang and its derivatives, but the other parts of 틀:Lang "I stand" are regular.

Deponent verbs in this conjugation all follow the pattern below, which is the passive of the first type above:<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge, Latin Grammar (1895), §163.</ref>

Perfect tenses

The three 틀:Lang tenses of the 1st conjugation go as in the following table:

Indicative Subjunctive
Perfect Future perfect Pluperfect Perfect Pluperfect
Active I loved I will have loved I had loved I loved I had loved
I
you sg.
he, she, it
we
you pl.
they 		틀:Lang* 틀:Lang 틀:Lang 틀:Lang 틀:Lang
Passive I was loved I will have been loved I had been loved I was loved I had been loved
I
you sg.
he, she, it
we
you pl.
they 		틀:Lang 틀:Lang 틀:Lang 틀:Lang 틀:Lang
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