"코간드어"의 두 판 사이의 차이
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Linguabucheon (토론 | 기여) (→동사변화) |
Linguabucheon (토론 | 기여) (→동사변화) |
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| 255번째 줄: | 255번째 줄: | ||
ā́ ḗ ī́ ṓ ū́ | ā́ ḗ ī́ ṓ ū́ | ||
| − | + | {{documentation subpage}}{{uses lua|Module:la-verb}} | |
| + | This template creates a conjugation table for all types of Latin verbs. It replaces the several {{temp|la-conj-*}} templates that used to exist. | ||
| − | + | ==Basic usage== | |
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| − | + | For basic verbs of conjugation classes 1, 2 and 4, specify them as follows: | |
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| − | + | * {{m|la|amō||to love}}: {{temp|la-conj|1+|amō}} | |
| + | * {{m|la|habeō||to have}}: {{temp|la-conj|2+|habeō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|custōdiō||to guard}}: {{temp|la-conj|4+|custōdiō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|audiō||to hear}}: {{temp|la-conj|4++|audiō}} | ||
| − | + | Here, the <code>+</code> and <code>++</code> signs means to use the default principal parts: | |
| − | + | * ''amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum'' | |
| − | + | * ''habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum'' | |
| − | + | * ''custōdiō, custōdīre, custōdīvī, custōdītum'' | |
| − | + | * ''audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum'' | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | Note the difference between <code>4+</code>, which generates a single perfect stem in ''-īv'', and <code>4++</code>, which generates two perfect stems in ''-īv'' and ''-i''. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | For verbs of conjugation classes 3, and more complex verbs of other conjugation classes, you will need to specify the verb class along with the lemma, perfect stem and supine stem, as follows: | |
| − | |- | + | * {{m|la|capiō||to take}}: {{temp|la-conj|3|capiō|cēp|capt}} |
| − | | | + | * {{m|la|videō||to see}}: {{temp|la-conj|2|videō|vīd|vīs}} |
| − | | | + | |
| − | | | + | For deponent verbs and semi-deponent verbs, only the supine stem is given: |
| − | | | + | |
| − | | | + | * {{m|la|sequor||to follow}}: {{temp|la-conj|3|sequor|secūt}} |
| − | | | + | * {{m|la|gaudeō||to rejoice}}: {{temp|la-conj|2.semi-depon|gaudeō|gāvīs}} |
| − | + | ||
| − | | | + | The conjugation class can optionally be followed by one or more subtypes (as in the above example {{m|la|gaudeō}}): |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | * {{m|la|pausō||to pause}}: {{temp|la-conj|1+.nopass|pausō}} (no passives exist) | |
| − | + | * {{m|la|veniō||to come}}: {{temp|la-conj|4.pass-impers|veniō|vēn|vent}} (only impersonal passives exist) | |
| − | + | * {{m|la|placeō||to please}}: {{temp|la-conj|2+.opt-semi-depon.noimp|placeō}} (the verb is optionally semi-deponent, i.e. the perfect is either ''placuī'' or ''placitus sum'', and there is no imperative) | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | If there is no perfect, or no supine, just leave the form out: | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | * {{m|la|nō||to swim}}: {{temp|la-conj|1.nopass|nō|nāv}} (or equivalently {{temp|la-conj|1+.nopass|nō||-}}) | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | As shown in the previous example, when you use one of the <code>+</code> variants, which automatically generate default perfect and supine stems, you can cancel any of the stems using <code>-</code>. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | Impersonal and third-person-only verbs should use the third-person singular as the lemma, except for highly irregular verbs that use the conjugation type <code>irreg</code> (see below): | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | * {{m|la|grandinat||to hail}}: {{temp|la-conj|1.nopass|grandinat}} | |
| − | + | * {{m|la|pertaedet||to disgust, to bore}}: {{temp|la-conj|2.semi-depon|pertaedet|pertaes}} | |
| − | + | * {{m|la|decet||to suit}}: {{temp|la-conj|2.3only.nopass|decet|decu}} | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | If the third-person singular is provided as the lemma, it is assumed to be impersonal. If the verb is third-person-only (i.e. it has both third-person singular and plural, but no other forms), use the subtype <code>.3only</code>. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ==Parameters== | |
| − | + | ||
| − | | | + | The following parameters are allowed: |
| − | | | + | * {{para|1}}: Conjugation type, along with any subtypes. |
| − | | | + | * {{para|2}}: Lemma with macrons; may include links. |
| − | | | + | * {{para|3}}: Perfect stem (or supine stem if the verb is deponent or semi-deponent). Separate multiple stems with a slash. |
| − | | | + | * {{para|4}}: Supine stem, for verbs that aren't deponent or semi-deponent. Separate multiple stems with a slash. |
| − | | | + | * {{para|prefix}}: Prefix to add to all forms (or to non-passive forms if {{para|passive_prefix}} is given); may include links. |
| − | | | + | * {{para|passive_prefix}}: Prefix to add to passive forms; may include links. |
| − | | | + | * {{para|suffix}}: Suffix to add to all forms (or to non-passive forms if {{para|passive_suffix}} is given); may include links. |
| − | | | + | * {{para|passive_suffix}}: Suffix to add to passive forms; may include links. |
| − | | | + | |
| − | + | Examples of using the prefix and suffix parameters: | |
| − | | | + | * {{m|la|acū pingō||to [[tattoo]]}}: <code><nowiki>{{la-conj|prefix=[[acus|acū]]|3|pingō|pīnx|pict}}</nowiki></code> |
| − | < | + | * {{m|la|dūcō uxōrem||to [[marry]]}}: <code><nowiki>{{la-conj|irreg|dūcō|suffix=[[uxor|uxōrem]]|passive_suffix=[[uxor]]}}</nowiki></code> |
| + | |||
| + | In addition, any individual form can be overridden, e.g. using {{para|1s_pres_actv_indc}} to override the first-singular present active indicative. See [[#Overriding individual forms]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Subtypes=== | ||
| + | Here is a complete list of available subtypes: | ||
| + | * Not detected automatically: | ||
| + | ** <code>.3only</code>: Third-person singular and plural forms only. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin third-person-only verbs]]. | ||
| + | ** <code>.always-sync-perf</code>: ????? Currently used for {{m|la|saeviō}} only. | ||
| + | ** <code>.nofut</code>: No future tenses. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin verbs with missing future]]. | ||
| + | ** <code>.noimp</code>: No imperative. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin verbs with missing imperative]]. | ||
| + | ** <code>.no-pasv-perf</code>: No passive perfect forms. Example: {{m|la|urgeō}}. | ||
| + | ** <code>.nopass</code>: No passive forms. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin active-only verbs]]. | ||
| + | ** <code>.nosup</code>: No supine stem. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin verbs with missing supine stem]]. | ||
| + | ** <code>.opt-semi-depon</code>: Optional semi-deponent verbs use perfective passive forms with active meaning, but also have perfect active forms with the same meaning, and have no imperfective passive. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin semi-deponent verbs]] and [[:Category:Latin optionally semi-deponent verbs]]. | ||
| + | ** <code>.opt-sync-perf</code>: ????? Currently used for {{m|la|serviō}} only. | ||
| + | ** <code>.p3inf</code>: The poetic present passive infinitive form in ''-ier'' is attested. | ||
| + | ** <code>.pass-3only</code>: The passive voice has third-person singular and plural forms only. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin verbs with third-person passive]]. | ||
| + | ** <code>.pass-impers</code>: Impersonal in the passive voice (third-person singular passive forms only). Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin verbs with impersonal passive]]. | ||
| + | ** <code>.poet-sync-perf</code>: The poetic syncopated perfect forms lacking ''-vi-'' or ''-ui-'' are attested. | ||
| + | ** <code>.semi-depon</code>: Semi-deponent verbs use perfective passive forms with active meaning, and have no imperfective passive. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin semi-deponent verbs]]. | ||
| + | ** <code>.sigm</code>: At least one sigmatic form is attested. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin verbs with sigmatic forms]]. | ||
| + | ** <code>.sigmpasv</code>: At least one passive sigmatic form is attested. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin verbs with passive sigmatic forms]]. | ||
| + | ** <code>.suffix</code>: Used for suffix entries such as {{m|la|-ō}}. Prevents categorisation as a verb. | ||
| + | ** <code>.sup-futr-actv-only</code>: No supine stem except in the future active participle. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin verbs with missing supine stem except in the future active participle]]. | ||
| + | * Normally detected automatically, only specified manually for certain verbs: | ||
| + | ** <code>.I</code>: Treat the verb as a mixed-conjugation verb like {{m|la|capiō}}. | ||
| + | ** <code>.-I</code>: Do not treat the verb as a mixed-conjugation verb like {{m|la|capiō}}. | ||
| + | ** <code>.impers</code>: Impersonal (third-person singular forms only). Only specified manually for compounds of highly irregular verbs. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin impersonal verbs]]. | ||
| + | ** <code>.noperf</code>: No perfect forms. Only specified manually for compounds of highly irregular verbs. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin verbs with missing perfect stem]]. | ||
| + | ** <code>.nound</code>: Do not show gerund forms in ''-und-''. Automatically enabled for verbs where the gerund stem is ''-uend-'' or ''-vend-''. | ||
| + | * Detected automatically, should never be specified manually: | ||
| + | ** <code>.depon</code>: Deponent verb. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin deponent verbs]]. | ||
| + | ** <code>.perf-as-pres</code>: Perfect forms have present meaning. Places the entry into [[:Category:Latin verbs with missing present stem]] and [[:Category:Latin verbs with perfect forms having imperfective meanings]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Irregular verbs=== | ||
| + | Certain irregular verbs are handled specially, and should use the conjugation type <code>irreg</code>, e.g.: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{m|la|faciō}}: {{temp|la-conj|irreg|faciō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|pereō}}: {{temp|la-conj|irreg|pereō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|libet}}: {{temp|la-conj|irreg|libet}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|subsum}}: {{temp|la-conj|irreg|subsum}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|prōferō}}: {{temp|la-conj|irreg|prōferō}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | As shown above, compounds of irregular verbs are handled properly. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Some compounds of {{m|la|sum}} and {{m|la|ferō}} are more complex because the various forms of the base verb begin with different letters, and the prefix assumes different forms before those different letters. These are handled through extra parameters: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{m|la|prōsum}}: {{temp|la-conj|irreg|prōsum|prōd|prō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|assum}}: {{temp|la-conj|irreg|assum|ad|af}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|afferō}}: {{temp|la-conj|irreg|afferō|at|al}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|cōnferō}}: {{temp|la-conj|irreg|cōnferō|con|col}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | For {{m|la|sum}}, the third parameter is the prefix to use before forms beginning with ''e-'', and the fourth parameter is the prefix to use before forms beginning with ''f-''. For {{m|la|ferō}}, the third parameter is the prefix to use before forms beginning with ''t-'' (the perfect), and the fourth parameter is the prefix to use before forms beginning with ''l-'' (the supine). In all cases, an omitted parameter defaults to the prefix found in the lemma. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In the event a compound of an irregular verb is used impersonally, use the conjugation type <code>irreg.impers</code>. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The following is the current list of recognized irregular verbs: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{m|la|āiō}}, {{m|la|aiiō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|dīcō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|dūcō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|faciō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|fīō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|ferō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|inquam}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|libet}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|lubet}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|licet}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|volō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|mālō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|nōlō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|possum}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|piget}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|coepī}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|sum}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|edō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|dō}} | ||
| + | * {{m|la|eō}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Overriding individual forms=== | ||
| + | In very rare cases it may be necessary to override individual forms of verbs. This is done using individual parameters for each form. See the following examples: | ||
| + | * For finite forms, {{para|1s_pres_actv_indc}} – person (1/2/3), number (s/p), tense (pres/impf/futr/perf/plup/futp/sigf/siga), voice (actv/pasv), mood (indc/subj/impr) | ||
| + | * For participles and infinitives, {{para|perf_actv_ptc}} – tense, voice, form (ptc/inf) | ||
| + | * For gerunds and supines, {{para|ger_gen}} – form (ger/sup), case (gen/dat/acc/abl) | ||
| + | If multiple forms are possible, separate the forms by a forward slash: {{para|3s_impf_actv_subj|coesset/cōnforet}} | ||
| + | <includeonly> | ||
| + | [[Category:Latin verb inflection-table templates|conj]] | ||
| + | </includeonly> | ||
===인칭대명사=== | ===인칭대명사=== | ||
2024년 3월 3일 (일) 20:59 판
| Stelo, Mendriscir luchae coenitita quana tetae curiae / STELO, MENDRISCIR LUCHAE COENITITA QUANA TETAE CURIAE | (스텔로, 한국 최초의 인공어 커뮤니티) |
| 코간드어 Luchur Cogand [{{{IPA}}}] | |
| 사용 지역 | 중앙아시아 대부분 |
| 사용 인구 | 약 1억 2500만명 |
표기
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| 문자 | 로마자, 그리스문자, 아랍문자 |
분류
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| 어순 | SOV, SVO |
| 언어 유형 | 굴절어 |
| 언어 계통 | 한국어족 |
| 언어 지향 | 예술어 |
분화
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| 옛 형태 | 한자 사용
|
| 방언 | 5개이나 실질적으로 다른 언어들
|
언어 코드
| |
| ISO 639-1 | CGD |
| ISO 639-2 | LTR |
| ISO 639-3 | LIT |
목차
개요
코간드어는 박창훈이 2021년 후반기에 만들었을 것으로 추정되는 한국어족의 인공어이다. 중동과 중아시아에서 제2외국어로 활봘하게 쓰인다. 방언이 5개이고 사실상 다른 언어 수준이라 공적인 장소에서는 왠만하면 간편화된 표준어(문화 코간드어)를 사용한다.
음운
모음
| 전설 | 중설 | 후설 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 고모음 | i iː | u uː | |
| 중모음 | e eː | o oː | |
| 저모음 | a aː |
자음
| 양순음 | 치음 | 치경음 | 후치경음 | 구개음 | 연구개음 | 성문음 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 파열음 | p b | t d | k g | ||||
| 마찰음 | f | v | s z | ʃ ʒ | h | ||
| 접근음 | l | j | |||||
| 전동음 | r | ||||||
| 비음 | m | n |
á é í ó ú ā ē ī ō ū ā́ ḗ ī́ ṓ ū́
알파벳
| 알파벳 | 발음 | 이름 | 비고 |
|---|---|---|---|
| A a | a,ɑ | Aleph,Al (알레프,알) | |
| B b | b | Bet (벳) | |
| C c | k,t͡ʃʰ | Ce (체) | 고전 리티르어에서는 /k/로만 발음된다. |
| D d | d | Del (델) | |
| E e | e,ɛ | Е (에) | |
| F f | f | Fe (페) | |
| G g | g,d͡ʒ | Ge (제) | 고전 리티르어에서는 /g/로만 발음된다. |
| H h | h,∅,ɦ | Ha (하,아) | 고전 리티르어에서는 /h/로만 발음되고, 현대에서는 가능한 발음 가운데 하나만 해도 된다. |
| I i | i,ɪ,j | Ia (이아,야) | 앞에 모음이 올 때는 대부분 /j/로 발음된다. |
| J j | j | Jo (요) | 고전 리티르어에는 존재하지 않는다. |
| K k | k,kʰ | Kaph (카프) | 외래어에서만 쓰이고 고전 리티르어에는 존재하지 않았다. |
| L l | l | lam (람,랑) | |
| M m | m,ŋ | Mim (밈,밍) | 어미에 올 때 /ŋ/으로 발음되는 경우가 많다. |
| N n | n | Nun (눈) | 뒤에 i,j가 오면 ɲ로 발음된. 어미에 올 때 /ŋ/으로 발음되는 경우가 있다. |
| O o | o,ɔ | O (오) | |
| P p | p | Pe (페) | |
| Q q | k,kʷ,kw | Quaph (콰프) | 외래어 제외, 뒤에 무조건 'u'가 온다. |
| R r | r,ɾ | Ra (라) | |
| S s | s | Signh (씬) | |
| T t | t | Тэ (테) | i가 뒤에 오면 /t͡ʃʰ/로 발음된다. |
| U u | u,ʊ | U (우) | 고전 라틴어에는 존재하지 않는다. |
| V v | v | Ve (베) | 고전 리티르어에서는 /u/와 /w/로 발음된다. |
| X x | ks | Ix (익스) | |
| Y y | j | Yi (이-) | 외래어 표기에만 사용되고 고전 리티르어에는 존재하지 않는다. |
| Z z | z | Za (자) | 외래어 표기에만 사용되고 고전 리티르어에는 존재하지 않는다. |
문법
동사변화
á é í ó ú ā ē ī ō ū ā́ ḗ ī́ ṓ ū́
틀:Documentation subpage틀:Uses lua This template creates a conjugation table for all types of Latin verbs. It replaces the several 틀:Temp templates that used to exist.
Basic usage
For basic verbs of conjugation classes 1, 2 and 4, specify them as follows:
Here, the + and ++ signs means to use the default principal parts:
- amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum
- habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum
- custōdiō, custōdīre, custōdīvī, custōdītum
- audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum
Note the difference between 4+, which generates a single perfect stem in -īv, and 4++, which generates two perfect stems in -īv and -i.
For verbs of conjugation classes 3, and more complex verbs of other conjugation classes, you will need to specify the verb class along with the lemma, perfect stem and supine stem, as follows:
For deponent verbs and semi-deponent verbs, only the supine stem is given:
The conjugation class can optionally be followed by one or more subtypes (as in the above example 틀:M):
- 틀:M: 틀:Temp (no passives exist)
- 틀:M: 틀:Temp (only impersonal passives exist)
- 틀:M: 틀:Temp (the verb is optionally semi-deponent, i.e. the perfect is either placuī or placitus sum, and there is no imperative)
If there is no perfect, or no supine, just leave the form out:
As shown in the previous example, when you use one of the + variants, which automatically generate default perfect and supine stems, you can cancel any of the stems using -.
Impersonal and third-person-only verbs should use the third-person singular as the lemma, except for highly irregular verbs that use the conjugation type irreg (see below):
If the third-person singular is provided as the lemma, it is assumed to be impersonal. If the verb is third-person-only (i.e. it has both third-person singular and plural, but no other forms), use the subtype .3only.
Parameters
The following parameters are allowed:
- 틀:Para: Conjugation type, along with any subtypes.
- 틀:Para: Lemma with macrons; may include links.
- 틀:Para: Perfect stem (or supine stem if the verb is deponent or semi-deponent). Separate multiple stems with a slash.
- 틀:Para: Supine stem, for verbs that aren't deponent or semi-deponent. Separate multiple stems with a slash.
- 틀:Para: Prefix to add to all forms (or to non-passive forms if 틀:Para is given); may include links.
- 틀:Para: Prefix to add to passive forms; may include links.
- 틀:Para: Suffix to add to all forms (or to non-passive forms if 틀:Para is given); may include links.
- 틀:Para: Suffix to add to passive forms; may include links.
Examples of using the prefix and suffix parameters:
- 틀:M:
{{la-conj|prefix=[[acus|acū]]|3|pingō|pīnx|pict}} - 틀:M:
{{la-conj|irreg|dūcō|suffix=[[uxor|uxōrem]]|passive_suffix=[[uxor]]}}
In addition, any individual form can be overridden, e.g. using 틀:Para to override the first-singular present active indicative. See #Overriding individual forms.
Subtypes
Here is a complete list of available subtypes:
- Not detected automatically:
.3only: Third-person singular and plural forms only. Places the entry into Category:Latin third-person-only verbs..always-sync-perf: ????? Currently used for 틀:M only..nofut: No future tenses. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with missing future..noimp: No imperative. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with missing imperative..no-pasv-perf: No passive perfect forms. Example: 틀:M..nopass: No passive forms. Places the entry into Category:Latin active-only verbs..nosup: No supine stem. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with missing supine stem..opt-semi-depon: Optional semi-deponent verbs use perfective passive forms with active meaning, but also have perfect active forms with the same meaning, and have no imperfective passive. Places the entry into Category:Latin semi-deponent verbs and Category:Latin optionally semi-deponent verbs..opt-sync-perf: ????? Currently used for 틀:M only..p3inf: The poetic present passive infinitive form in -ier is attested..pass-3only: The passive voice has third-person singular and plural forms only. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with third-person passive..pass-impers: Impersonal in the passive voice (third-person singular passive forms only). Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with impersonal passive..poet-sync-perf: The poetic syncopated perfect forms lacking -vi- or -ui- are attested..semi-depon: Semi-deponent verbs use perfective passive forms with active meaning, and have no imperfective passive. Places the entry into Category:Latin semi-deponent verbs..sigm: At least one sigmatic form is attested. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with sigmatic forms..sigmpasv: At least one passive sigmatic form is attested. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with passive sigmatic forms..suffix: Used for suffix entries such as 틀:M. Prevents categorisation as a verb..sup-futr-actv-only: No supine stem except in the future active participle. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with missing supine stem except in the future active participle.
- Normally detected automatically, only specified manually for certain verbs:
.I: Treat the verb as a mixed-conjugation verb like 틀:M..-I: Do not treat the verb as a mixed-conjugation verb like 틀:M..impers: Impersonal (third-person singular forms only). Only specified manually for compounds of highly irregular verbs. Places the entry into Category:Latin impersonal verbs..noperf: No perfect forms. Only specified manually for compounds of highly irregular verbs. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with missing perfect stem..nound: Do not show gerund forms in -und-. Automatically enabled for verbs where the gerund stem is -uend- or -vend-.
- Detected automatically, should never be specified manually:
.depon: Deponent verb. Places the entry into Category:Latin deponent verbs..perf-as-pres: Perfect forms have present meaning. Places the entry into Category:Latin verbs with missing present stem and Category:Latin verbs with perfect forms having imperfective meanings.
Irregular verbs
Certain irregular verbs are handled specially, and should use the conjugation type irreg, e.g.:
As shown above, compounds of irregular verbs are handled properly.
Some compounds of 틀:M and 틀:M are more complex because the various forms of the base verb begin with different letters, and the prefix assumes different forms before those different letters. These are handled through extra parameters:
For 틀:M, the third parameter is the prefix to use before forms beginning with e-, and the fourth parameter is the prefix to use before forms beginning with f-. For 틀:M, the third parameter is the prefix to use before forms beginning with t- (the perfect), and the fourth parameter is the prefix to use before forms beginning with l- (the supine). In all cases, an omitted parameter defaults to the prefix found in the lemma.
In the event a compound of an irregular verb is used impersonally, use the conjugation type irreg.impers.
The following is the current list of recognized irregular verbs:
Overriding individual forms
In very rare cases it may be necessary to override individual forms of verbs. This is done using individual parameters for each form. See the following examples:
- For finite forms, 틀:Para – person (1/2/3), number (s/p), tense (pres/impf/futr/perf/plup/futp/sigf/siga), voice (actv/pasv), mood (indc/subj/impr)
- For participles and infinitives, 틀:Para – tense, voice, form (ptc/inf)
- For gerunds and supines, 틀:Para – form (ger/sup), case (gen/dat/acc/abl)
If multiple forms are possible, separate the forms by a forward slash: 틀:Para
인칭대명사
명사는 총 9개의 격이 있으며 성,수,격에 따라 굴절 방식이 달라진다. 인칭대명사에는 3인칭 단수 외에 성이 존재하지 않는다.
| 인칭 | 한국어 | 주격 | 대격 | 여격 | 속격 | 탈격 | 구격 | 향격 | 처격 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1인칭 단수 | 나 | Ada | me | mae | minis | mex | mero | metras | mese |
| 1인칭 복수 | 우리 | Uri | vir | vurae | vunis | virix | virro | victras | virse |
| 2인칭 단수 | 너 | Tu | te | tia | tis | tex | tejo | teum | teas |
| 2인칭 복수 | 너희 | Nihi | ni | negae | negis | nix | nixus | negnictrum | nuas |
| 3인칭 남성 단수 | 그 | Cu | ce | cae | cuvis | cox | cuax | curum | cuas |
| 3인칭 여성 단수 | 그녀 | Ci | cia | ciae | cavis | cax | caex | carum | caes |
| 3인칭 중성 단수 | 그것 | Ce | ce | cae | cevis | cex | ceax | cerum | ceas |
| 3인칭 복수 | 그들 | Ul | le | lagae | legis | ligix | ligus | legictrum | luas |
명사
코간드어의 명사 가운데 40% 이상이 아랍어에서 유래했고 30% 정도가 페르시아어, 그리스어에서 유래했다. 나머지는 거의 고대한국어와 중세한국어에서 유래하였다. 코간드어의 명사는 3성(남성,여성,중성)과 2수(단수,복수), 그리고 9격(주격,대격,여격,속격,탈격,구격,처격,향격,호격)으로 변화하여 일반적으로 한 명사가 54개의 형태를 가진다.
명사변화
명사는 성에 따라 변화할 수 있지만, 사실 명사마다 굳혀진 성이 있고, 관형격 또한 존재하기 때문에 한 명사당 보통 20개의 형태를 가진다고 봐야한다.
첫번째로 여성명사인 'tol-(달)'의 변화를 살펴 볼 것이다.
ā ē ī ō ū
| 단수 | 복수 | |
|---|---|---|
| 주격 | tola | tolāl |
| 대격 | tolar | tolorūl |
| 여격 | tolae | tolīne |
| 속격 | tolae | tolāris |
| 탈격 | tolārte | tolāpto |
| 구격 | tolaro | tolado |
| 처격 | tolas | toluro |
| 향격 | tolātro | tolāstal |
| 호격 | tolā | tolia |
| 관형격 | tolīs | toluī |
다음은 코간드 제국이 멸망하기전 민중들 사이에서 쓰였던 서민 코간드어의 명사변화이다.
| 단수 | 복수 | |
|---|---|---|
| 주격 | tola | toloi |
| 대격 | tola | toloi |
| 여격 | tole | tolene |
| 속격 | tole | tolare |
| 탈격 | tolarte | tolatto |
| 구격 | tolaro | tolado |
| 처격 | tolas | toloro |
| 향격 | tolatro | tolastoi |
| 호격 | tola | tolia |
| 관형격 | toli | tolal |
수사
ā ē ī ō ū
| 기수 | 서수 | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ona | teta |
| 2 | dui | dupr |
| 3 | secis | seste |
| 4 | necis | tolāris |
| 5 | tasus | tolāpto |
| 6 | iesus | tolado |
| 7 | nilcup | toluro |
| 8 | erri | tolāstal |
| 9 | hup | tolia |
| 10 | giuri | toluī |
